1.
What are 8 defensive positions (apologetics) in
response to the “lesbian bogeywoman image” in sport, according to Griffin
(1998, p. 66)?
Silence – Organizations and advocates do not voice support
for gay athletes when the media erupts. (Billie Jean King)
Denial – Denying the presence of lesbians in athletics or
on their team/area. Maria Navratilova and her trainer denied their relationship
for years.
Promotion
of a feminine, heterosexual image
–Schools scrutinize a woman’s “heterosexual credentials/Hetero security check”
1. Visibility of relationships, 2. Appearance and demeanor and 3. Attitudes and
actions about lesbians in sport.
Promotion
of a heterosexy image – To portray
that their players are heterosexual, leagues have put out sexy calendars and
photographs showing skin and cleavage.
Search
for heterosexual-only space –
Parents wanting to send their daughter to a lesbian-free team or program. One father said he didn’t want to see
any ‘butch-type’ women around.
Attacks
on lesbians – Not allowing
lesbians on the team, getting players to come to your school by talking bad
about another school (they’re all lesbians)
Preference
for male coaches – Parents feel
their daughters are safer with a male coach than a lesbian coach.
Acknowledgement
but disassociation from lesbians –
‘I don’t have a problem with lesbians, but don’t call me one.’
1.
Despite a high percentage of black males who
participate in (or even dominate) some sports, what did statistics reveal (as
of the writing of this article)?
Blacks
are still discriminated against.
They are said to not be capable field managers, and there are few black
coaches and people in the front office.
Additionally, black athletes are highly represented in the sports that
they had access to (basketball, football) but are underrepresented in sports to
which they have not had access to such as hockey, soccer, swimming.
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